Current Health Issues affecting Indigenous Australians

Question: Depict about the Current Health Issues influencing Indigenous Australians. Answer: Presentation Regardless of the colossal endeavors made up until now, human services framework in Australia is as yet slanted towards the burdened gatherings like the non-indigenous networks. Not at all like their non-indigenous partners, the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander individuals have various wellbeing challenges. The financial status and area in the remote zone makes the indigenous networks helpless against an enormous number of medical problems. Be that as it may, with the dynamic inclusion of the Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organizations (ACCHOs) and viable usage of the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan 2013-2023, the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander individuals will be in the correct way of accomplishing wellbeing value simply like the remainder of the Australian culture (Cheng, Carapetis, Currie, Mulholland Chatfield 2015). This paper presents an itemized conversation on the present medical problems influencing the indigenous netw orks in Australia. It centers around the predominance of scabies and streptococcal pyoderma among the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander individuals. As a network, the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander individuals experience the ill effects of scabies and streptococcal pyoderma than the remainder of the networks the country over. Scabies alludes to an infectious sicknesses brought about by parasite Sarcoptes scabiei. As a malady invasion, scabies causes pimple-like surges and genuine tingling on the body. Its significant signs and indications are injuries, tingling, thick coverings on the skin, and body surges. When invaded by scabies for the absolute first time, it for the most part takes somewhere in the range of 2 and a month and a half for the indications to show up (Gubhaju, McNamara, Banks, Joshy, Raphael, Williamson Eades 2013). In any case, on second invasion, the manifestations start to show up on the primary day. As a rule, the side effects show up in certain body parts, for example, the fingers, wrists, and waistlines. Streptococcal pyoderma, then again, is an infectious skin ailment that is credited to bacterial contamination of the body. It is a typical pyogenic sickness that influences countless individuals particularly the kids. In spite of the fact that its definite causes are not yet known, pyoderma is ascribed to the nearness of immune system maladies like rheumatoid joint inflammation, crohns illness, and ulcerative colitis. Notwithstanding, its hazard factors are sexual orientation, age, blood malignancy, rheumatoid joint pain, and incendiary inside ailment. Its side effects incorporate a progressive appearance of pyoderma gangrenosum portrayed by creepy crawly like chomps, small red knocks, and agonizing huge wounds in the body (Fredericks, Lee, Adams Mahoney 2015). Different side effects incorporate ulcers which obviously show up on a people legs or other careful destinations of the body. Why the Prevalence of Scabies and Streptococcal Pyoderma High Amongst the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander People Scabies and Streptococcal pyoderma are the absolute most regular illness diseases that are so common among the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander individuals. Predominance for scabies among the kids, for example, remains at half. Examination has demonstrated that these ailments stay a significant reason for grimness among these indigenous networks (Cheng, Carapetis, Currie, Mulholland Chatfield 2015). This is because of numerous reasons that incorporate the accompanying: To begin with, the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander People are situated in the remote regions of Australia. The area of these networks in such zones makes them increasingly pervasive to skin sicknesses in light of numerous reasons. In the remote provincial territories, it is difficult to gain admittance to offices, for example, clothes washers and clean material. These are fundamental offices that are constantly required to help in advancing individual and collective cleanliness (Donato Segal 2013). Exploration has discovered that the skin ailments are connected to diseases that may be forestalled if proper measures are taken to keep up cleanliness in the network. For instance, during episode, individuals ought not think that its difficult to obtain clothes washers. Also, the pervasiveness of scabies and streptococcal pyoderma among the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander individuals due to their financial status. Dissimilar to the remainder of the non-indigenous networks, the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander individuals are not financially engaged. These indigenous networks are not monetarily steady and in this manner need access to basic wares like lodging. This is a significant hit to the networks since absence of legitimate lodging offices encourages the spread of skin pervasions. When an individual can't get to lodging offices, it probably won't be conceivable to address the contamination of skin maladies (Baba, Brolan Hill 2014). All instances of cleanliness probably won't be appropriately tended to in a convenient way before the disease spreads to perilous levels. On the off chance that the indigenous networks had no such difficulties, the instances of scabies pervasion may be controlled. Ultimately, the pervasiveness of scabies and streptococcal pyoderma is connected to the poor day to day environments in the country territories. Not at all like in the urban focuses where there are legitimate arranging and structure of the offices, provincial zones are described by congestion. Which means, there are a high number of individuals living in together. High populace thickness is very unfortunate since it improves the pace of predominance of skin illness pervasions (Jongen, McCalman, Bainbridge Tsey 2014). The infectious idea of the scabies for instance makes it simple to be spread starting with one individual then onto the next as long as there is a continuous introduction or no prompt disconnection measures are taken to isolate the tainted people from the remainder of the populace. It is along these lines clear that the pervasiveness of scabies and streptococcal pyoderma is so high among the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander individuals. These are network obtained maladies that are dictated by the antimicrobial weakness profile of every network (Parker Milroy 2014). The indigenous networks are progressively helpless to these skin contaminations as a result of their area in the remote regions in which the spread of skin illnesses is improved by the high populace densities, and poor availability to lodging and social insurance offices. The board of Scabies and Streptococcal Pyoderma on the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander People Scabies and streptococcal pyoderma are malady conditions that are not alluring in light of the fact that they have a capability of adversely affecting on the wellbeing status of people. Aside from adding to genuine medical issues like renal and rheumatic heart sicknesses, the skin ailments can prompt genuine financial weights in the network due to its effects on work truancy and expanded use on medicinal services (Doolan, Najman, Henderson, Cherney, Plotnikova, Ward, Kemp, Dev Smirnov 2015). Henceforth, it is important to think of plausible measures to deal with the infections. To do this, the accompanying measures can be taken: A complete general wellbeing the executives plan ought to be figured to address the test of scabies and streptococcal pyoderma among the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander individuals. This ought to be custom fitted to handle the financial difficulties confronting these indigenous networks, for example, poor lodging offices, congestion, and cleanliness (Tieman, Lawrence, Damarell, Sladek Nikolof 2014). One method of accomplishing this objective is to develop normalized network pools, direct and appropriately look after them. In addition, the youngsters in remote territories ought to be outfitted with showering offices to empower them get to quality cleaning offices like the remainder of the country. The other method of managing the scabies and streptococcal pyoderma is arranging for powerful treatment for the patients utilizing fitting prescriptions. The treatment ought to be intended to suit the families, singular patients, and the network on the loose. Treatment ought to be founded on the level of seriousness, follow-up norms, treatment dangers, causative specialists, characteristic movement, adequacy, and reactions (Cheng, Carapetis, Currie, Mulholland Chatfield 2015). For successful help conveyance, the drug procedure ought to be taken care of by the neighborhood local medicinal services suppliers who have a more profound comprehension of the nearby local networks wherein they work. References Baba, J.T., Brolan, C.E. Slope, P.S., 2014. Native clinical administrations fix more than sickness: a subjective investigation of how Indigenous administrations address the wellbeing effects of separation in Brisbane people group. Global diary for value in wellbeing, 13(1), p.1. Cheng, A., Carapetis, J., Currie, B., Mulholland, E. Chatfield, M., 2015. Effect of an ivermectin mass medication organization on scabies pervasiveness in a remote Australian Aboriginal people group. PL o S Neglected Tropical Diseases [E], 9(10, Article No. e0004151), pp.1-13. Donato, R. Segal, L., 2013. Does Australia have the suitable wellbeing change plan to close the hole in Indigenous wellbeing?. Australian Health Review, 37(2), pp.232-238. Doolan, I., Najman, J., Henderson, S., Cherney, A., Plotnikova, M., Ward, J., Kemp, R., Dev, A. Smirnov, A., 2015. A review examination investigation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infusing drug clients and their contact with youth confinement or potentially jail. Australian Indigenous Health Bulletin, 15(4). Fredericks, B.L., Lee, V., Adams, M.J. Mahoney, R., 2015. Native and Torres Strait Islander Health. Prologue to Public Health [3rd Ed.], pp.355-376. Gubhaju, L., McNamara, B.J., Banks, E., Joshy, G., Raphael, B., Williamson, A. Eades, S.J., 2013. The general wellbeing and hazard factor profile of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander members from the 45 and up study. BMC general wellbeing, 13(1), p.1. Jongen, C., McCalman, J., Bainbridge, R.

Critically evaluate the sustainability of the supply of phosphorus to Essay

Fundamentally assess the maintainability of the gracefully of phosphorus to UK horticulture - Essay Example Inorganic phosphorus is accessible in the dirt in type of insoluble mineral edifices (Schmidt and Schaechter, 2012, pp. 514). The insoluble structure can't be consumed by plants. The natural issue represents 20-80% of phosphorus in the dirt. Just 0.1% of the solvent phosphorus is accessible for take-up by plants. The momentum circumstance that includes loses at each progression of phosphorus life cycle adds to worries about future supplies and water and soil contamination, both in the UK and around the world. Productivity in its creation, use, reusing and minimization of waste could prompt significant steps being made towards a practical phosphorus use. This would set the world on the way towards asset productivity and guarantee that phosphorus holds are accessible for people in the future. All inclusive, phosphorus assets are plenteous and saves are critical. In any case, there are various elements inferring that the security of phosphorus ought to be observed in the UK. UK has scar cely any phosphate bearing rocks holds. In 2008, there was cost instability in which the expense of phosphorus rock rose by 700%, adding to an expansion in the cost of manures. Improving the utilization of reused phosphorus in the UK and the world, all in all, would help in protecting the gracefully and dissemination of phosphorus both at territorial and worldwide level. Financially, broadening phosphorus gracefully to the UK organizations, which depend on it, would improve their versatility looked by any future value shakiness and different patterns that may exasperate their significant reliance. Cultivating rehearses that help in taking care of billions of individuals in the UK include the utilization of phosphate composts, fabricated from the phosphate rock. The stone is a non-inexhaustible asset, and it is being utilized generally since the finish of the nineteenth century. The reliance on the phosphate rock for food creation calls for feasible administration practices to guaran tee that it is monetarily accessible to UK ranchers. The utilization of phosphorus in the UK agribusiness is related with a few sorts of potential natural effects. Little measures of phosphorus limit plants development, bringing about soil disintegration. The utilization of an excess of phosphorus prompts misfortunes of the supplement to surface water, prompting eutrophication. Progressively supportable practices, for example better administration of field applications and upgraded phosphorus reusing, can add to enhancements in profitability and diminished natural effects. UK researchers are beginning to qualify in phosphorus creation through food creation and utilization frameworks. By estimation, only one-fifth of the mined phosphorus in UK is expended as food by people. The rest of the segment is utilized in farming, held in soil, discharged in the oceanic condition or lost in food squander. High harvest yields in UK, in a general sense, rely upon mined phosphate rock. In a littl e populace, famers could satisfactorily get horticultural yields by preparing the dirt with phosphorus got from human and other animals’ excreta. Populace development in the UK in the eighteenth and nineteenth centauries invigorated the creation of food, bringing about quick exhaustion of soil supplements. Ranchers, in this manner, began utilizing a lot of off-ranch wellsprings of phosphorus, including guano, phosphate rock and bone supper. Phosphate rock, which was modest and ample, turned into the generally favored source. Thus, UK ranchers embraced new cultivating strategies like planting high

Alcohols Effect on Nutrition

Alcohols Effect on Nutrition More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Good nutrition is, of course, essential for providing energy and maintaining body structure and function. Many alcoholics, however, tend to eat less than the amount of food necessary to provide sufficient carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals. On top of that, alcohol itself can interfere with the nutrition process by affecting digestion, storage, utilization and excretion of nutrients. Consequently, chronic heavy drinkers are hit with a double health whammyâ€"they dont consume enough nutrients, and the nutrients they do consume are not utilized well. As a result, many drinkers with alcohol use disorders are at least mildly malnourished and if their disorder is severe enough for them to be hospitalized, they are usually severely malnourished. How Nutrition Is Supposed to Work The digestive system is supposed to work this way: The body begins to breakdown food into usable molecules in the mouth and continues the process in the stomach and intestines, with help from the pancreas. Nutrients from digested food are absorbed into the blood from the intestines and carried to the liver where they are prepared for immediate use or for storage for later use. Alcohol Interferes With Digestion Alcohol inhibits the natural breakdown of nutrients in several ways: Decreasing secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas.Impairing nutrient absorption by damaging the cells lining the stomach and intestines.Disabling transport of some nutrients into the blood.Preventing those nutrients that are absorbed from being fully utilized by altering their transport, storage, and excretion. If the person who is drinking to excess is also not eating well, their nutritional deficiencies alone can impair the absorption of nutrients by altering the cells lining the small intestine. Alcohol and Energy Supply Eating a balanced diet provides the body with the necessary calories to be used for energy, but some alcoholics will ingest as much as 50% for their total daily calories from alcohol. Alcohol does provide calories, but the body processes and uses the energy from alcohol differently than it does the calories from food. Because chronic drinking can cause the body to use the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) to metabolize alcohol, much of that energy is lost as heat rather than used for energy. Alcohol and Hypoglycemia If alcohol is substituted for carbohydrates, calorie for calorie, the person will lose weight instead of gain weight. This means they are getting less energy from alcohol calories than from food calories. In alcoholics who are malnourished, consuming alcohol can cause a decrease in blood sugar, which can cause serious injury. The hypoglycemia, even if short-lived, can cause the brain and other body tissue to be deprived of the glucose needed to function. Alcohol and the Maintenance of Cell Structure If you do not have enough protein in your diet, your body is not able to properly maintain cell structure, because cells are composed mostly of protein. If you drink alcohol to excess, you can prevent the protein that you do eat from maintaining cell structure. Alcohol can affect protein nutrition in the following ways: Impairs digestion of proteins to amino acidsImpairs processing of amino acids by the small intestine and liverImpairs synthesis of proteins from amino acidsImpairs protein secretion by the liver Alcohol and the Maintenance of Function Proteins, vitamins, and minerals are essential for maintaining proper body function. Alcohol can affect proper body functioning by causing nutrient deficiencies and by disrupting the machinery the body uses to metabolize nutrients. Vitamins: Vitamins help regulate many physiological processes in the body essential to maintaining growth and normal metabolism. By impairing absorption, metabolism, and utilization of vitamins, chronic heavy drinking can cause vitamin deficiencies. Alcohol consumption can cause deficiencies in vitamin A, C, D, E, K, and B vitamins. These deficiencies can cause night blindness, softening of the bones, slow healing of wounds, decreased the ability of the blood to clot and, in the brain, severe neurological damage. Minerals: Alcoholics have been found to have deficiencies in calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Research shows that drinking alcohol itself does not limit the absorption of minerals, but alcohol-related problems do. Mineral deficiencies may be caused by other alcohol-related conditions: Decreased calcium absorption caused by fat malabsorption.Magnesium deficiency due to poor diet.Magnesium loss due to excretion, vomiting, and diarrhea.Iron deficiency due to gastrointestinal bleeding.Zinc losses related to other nutrient deficiencies. Alcohol, Malnutrition, and Medical Complications Liver Disease: Alcohol itself is the major cause of alcoholic liver disease, but poor nutrition can decrease nutrients normally found in the liver and therefore contribute to alcohol-related liver damage. Alcohol depletes carotenoids, a major source of vitamin A and E in the liver. Pancreatitis: Some studies have found that alcohols damaging effect on the pancreas is exacerbated by a diet deficient in protein. Other research has suggested that malnutrition can increase the risk of developing alcoholic pancreatitis. Brain Damage: Nutritional deficiencies can have a variety of severe and permanent effects on how the brain works. Thiamine deficiency in particular, which is frequently seen in people with severe alcohol use disorders, can cause serious neurological problems, impaired movement, and memory loss. Pregnancy: Not only does drinking during pregnancy have direct toxic effects on fetal development, but alcohol-related nutritional deficiency can also affect the fetus, compounding the risk of developmental damage. Alcohol has been shown to restrict nutrition flow to the fetus. Take Care of Yourself If you are drinking more than the recommended guidelines, chances are you are probably not eating as well as you should either. Not only is the excess alcohol in your system potentially causing a variety of negative health effects on your body, but you may also be facing a risk of damage from poor nutrition. If you do drink, make sure that you look after yourself by getting enough nutrients, eating balanced meals and maybe supplementing your diet with a good one-a-day multivitamin, appropriate for your age and gender.

Who Was the Inventor of Hoover Vacuum Cleaners

It might stand to reason that the Hoover vacuum cleaner was invented by someone named Hoover, but that’s surprisingly not the case. It was an inventor named James Spangler who invented the first portable electric vacuum cleaner in 1907. The Janitor With a Better Idea   Spangler was working as a janitor working at the Zollinger Department Store in Ohio when the idea of a portable electric vacuum cleaner first came to him. The carpet sweeper he used on the job was making him cough a lot and this was dangerous because Spangler was an asthmatic. Unfortunately, he didn’t have many other options because standard â€Å"vacuum cleaners† at the time were large, unwieldy affairs pulled by horses and not exactly conducive to indoor cleaning. Spangler decided to come up with his own version of a vacuum cleaner, one that wouldnt  endanger his health. He wasn’t new to inventing, as  he’d already patented a grain harvester in 1897 and a form of hay rake in 1893. He began tinkering with an old fan motor, which he attached it to a soap box stapled to a broom handle. He then converted an old pillowcase into a dust collector and attached that as well. Spanglers contraption eventually became the first vacuum cleaner to use both a cloth filter bag and cleaning attachments as he improved his basic model. He received a patent for it in 1908. Spangler’s asthma was better, but his vacuum got off to a somewhat shaky start. He wanted to manufacture what he called his â€Å"suction sweeper† on his own and  formed the Electric Suction Sweeper Company to make it happen. Unfortunately, investors were hard to come by and manufacturing was at a virtual standstill until he happened to demonstrate his new vacuum cleaner to his cousin. William Hoover Takes Over Spangler’s cousin Susan Hoover was married  to businessman William Hoover, who was suffering some of his own financial frustrations at the time. Hoover made and sold saddles, harnesses, and other leather products for horses, just as automobiles were steadfastly beginning to replace horses. Hoover was itching for a new business opportunity when his wife told him about Spangler’s vacuum cleaner and arranged for a demonstration. Hoover was so impressed with the vacuum cleaner that he promptly bought Spanglers business and his patents. He became the president of the Electric Suction Sweeper Company and renamed it the Hoover Company. Production was initially limited to an average of six vacuums a day that no one particularly wanted to buy. Hoover wasn’t discouraged and began offering customers free trials and signed up a slew of door-to-door salesmen who could take the invention into homes and show the housewives at the time how well they worked. Sales began to boom.  Eventually, there was a Hoover vacuum in nearly every American home. Hoover made further improvements to Spanglers vacuum cleaner over the years, as its often said that Spanglers original model resembled a bagpipe attached to a cake box.  Spangler stayed on with the Hoover Company as its superintendent, never officially retiring. His wife, son, and daughter all worked for the company as well. Spangler died in January 1914, the night before he was scheduled to take his first vacation.

Survival Guide Rules to Live By - 1092 Words

Gen 105 – Week Nine- Final Project – Survival Guide March 30, 2008 Survival Guide Start by getting your computer ready. Have plenty of memory, ink for the printer and paper. Tell all friends and family that you are in college; you have no time and please do not bother me. I will always eat before I start on the computer. I do not want to be hungry while I am reading or typing and I want to avoid snacking while on the computer to avoid weight gain. I will go to the bathroom and get a tall glass of ice water before getting on the computer. Have a good relationship with your counselor, because you never know when you might need them. Invest in Simon Schuster’s book, â€Å"Handbook for Writers† and a good dictionary, because sometimes†¦show more content†¦I try to get all assignments and participation done by Saturday, so I can have a little time for me, or do what is needed around the house, spend time with Lily ( our four year girl) , and maybe watch a movie. I will apply the SQ3R technique to studying my college courses. I will approach the material in a positive way and with an open mind. I will minimize distractions to focus on my reading and make sure I am in a quiet place. I will do most of my reading and assignments at my desk in my room and most of the time; it will happen at night. I will survey the text to read faster. I will take notes and ask myself questions as a way to comprehend and retain the information and to be able to look back on as needed. I might re-read over the text or my notes or recite the text out loud to help me remember. I will pay attention to topics of paragraphs, headings, bold face type, italics, and summaries. Being a logical/mathematical and organizer personality will help me organize material logically and analyze any situations. I will make to do lists to stay on track. Participation with my classmates every week will help me to relate to others with different personalities and intelligences. I am interested in self-improvement, so I will enjoy learning something new and solving problems. Some weaknesses that I will have to work on, is the adventurer and the naturalistic in me. I mightShow MoreRelatedEssay on Zombies in Popular culture758 Words   |  4 Pagesundead. The story follows a college student who follows a list of rules in order to survive. He meets three other survivors, and they stick together in order to survive. Each of them find something that they have been looking for, Columbus, the main character, found love, Tallahassee finds a new family, Wichita and Little Rock find peo ple they can trust. Before Zombieland, I hadn’t really thought about the importance of zombie survival in a humorous yet informative way. Sure, while there was ShaunRead MoreLifeboat Dilemm The Queen V. Dudley And Stephens903 Words   |  4 Pagesdays after the Shipwreck, Parker appeared to be dying after drinking sea water against the advice of Dudley and Stephens. 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Describe the symptoms and treatment of asthma Free Essays

Unfortunately asthma can be inherited and in many children asthma is diagnosed after having a cold or fever. Studies shows that a high percentage of these children, during their lifetime will have a higher chance of getting rid of the disease. On the other hand if asthma is inherited, most likely the patient will be diagnosed during his or her lifetime. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the symptoms and treatment of asthma or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to statistics, asthma is one of the most common physiological disorders and it can affect all ages. Nowadays, we have specific treatments to control the disease but unfortunately, till now, there is no cure. One of the most important functions of the respiratory system is to breathe. Air is inhaled through the mouth or nose, it then moves through the pharynx, larynx and trachea into the lungs. After that process, the air is exhaled through the same pathway. During normal inhalation the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract and as a result of this the rib cage elevates. Due to this the volume of the lungs increases, air pressure drops so air rushes in. On the other hand during normal exhalation the muscles relax, lungs become smaller, air pressure rises and air is expelled. Asthma is a lung disease which narrows and inflames the air ways, we have tubes which they carry air into our lungs. When a person is diagnosed with asthma these tubes are inflamed. This inflammation makes the airways terribly swollen and sensitive. Due to this the inflammation starts reacting to certain substances that enter the airway. Once the airway starts reacting to these substances our muscles tighten up, as a result of this the airways are narrowed so less air enters to the lungs. Asthma has an impact on other body systems, these are the immune system, the nervous system and the respiratory system. Starting off with the first system, the respiratory system of a person with asthma is more sensitive to environmental irritants than of a normal person. When there is contact with an environmental irritant, automatically the airway narrows making it more difficult to breathe. Second system, the immune system, our immune system helps our body to fight germs. When a person is diagnosed with asthma, his immune system is more sensitive to substances that are not harmful to those who do not have asthma. The last system that I am going to explain is the nervous system. According to John Hopkins University â€Å"research indicates that asthma affects your nervous system, a nerve growth factor a nervous system protein, has been found to increase sensitivity to irritants among people suffering from asthma and allergies†. (Apryl Bevelery: 2014) In this paragraph I am going to mention and explain some asthma symptoms starting off with the first symptom wheezing. Wheezing is one of the most common symptoms, wheezing is a squeaky noise which is normally heard while the person is sleeping. Wheezing can be heard more during this period because the airway normally narrows during respiration. Wheezing happens because there is a narrowing or obstruction from the level of the larynx to the small bronchi. According to studies, wheezing is said to happen by oscillations and vibrations of the airway walls. This sound is formed when air passes through a narrowed portion of the airway, then air passes with high velocity producing a decrease in gas pressure which later on it is flown in the constricted region. Once it arrives in the internal airway the pressure begins to increase which will be barely able to reopen the airway lumen. A second symptom coughing, a person diagnosed with asthma can suffer from coughs during an asthmatic attack, one can think that coughs are painful but it is a natural reflex which protects our lungs. This happens by clearing foreign substances that our body does not want. This process starts by, when an unwanted substance enters, our nerves sends an electric impulse to the brain to tell our muscles in our chest and abdomen to contract against these substances. When the nerve endings of our airways become irritated coughs usually occurs. After this contraction it will release large amounts of air and high amount of strength to eject these substances. There are different types of coughs namely chronic and acute. Chronic cough means that the cough will stay longer, most probably this is due to a medical condition. While acute cough means that the cough happens only at that moment. The last symptom that I am going to mention is chest tightness and shortness of breath, these are also common symptoms. A patient who is not diagnosed with asthma has a clear bronchiole wall, this wall will be relaxed and provides an open airway. On the other hand a patient with asthma will be very sensitive to irritants, as a result of this when an irritant occurs most probably it will inflame this wall. A list of these irritants can be smoke, stress, dust mites, infections and many more. Due to these problems such as releasing leukotrienes, result of this an inflammation may occur which unfortunately will lead to overproduction of mucus. Overproduction of the mucus will result in constriction in the bronchiole making it difficult for air to move in the lungs. As a result of this an asthmatic attack can occur. There are specific factors which may result in triggering asthma, starting off with the first factor which is environmental. Nowadays we live in an environment which has a high amount of pollutants such as, flower scents, mould, pests, dust mites, tobacco, animal dander, car pollution, extreme weather and many more. There are certain factors that we can control especially those that we can find indoors. Those that are found indoors can be controlled in order to avoid asthma triggers, an example of this can be cleaning weekly, keeping pets out of rooms, removing carpets, servicing the air conditioners and vacuuming. Second factor can be allergies, unfortunately an allergic reaction can be similar or the same in order to trigger an asthma attack. According to studies being overweight will result in more chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, which means that the patient will suffer from inflammation throughout the body. Last factor that I am going to explain is smoking, this can affect an asthmatic person because when a person inhales tobacco, irritations substances will lay out in the moist lining on the airways. These irritants can trigger an asthma attack. Nowadays thanks to scientists we are developing more and more tests in order to be able to diagnose diseases in their early stages. Starting off with the first test spirometry, this test is often used to assess the patient’s lungs. The procedure of this test is to take deep breathes and exhaling it as fast as they can through a mouthpiece attached to this equipment. This test consists of two measurements, these are the volume of air breathed in and the volume of air breathed out. Normally this test is done many times to get accurate results. Second test peak expiratory flow test, this test is done by a device called peak flow meter. This is a very easy test, it measures how fast the patient can blow air out of his/her lungs in only one breathe. Most of the time this test occurs over weeks, in fact the patient needs to take this device home so she/he can record daily measurements. The patient needs to take this device with him or her because asthma can be vary due to changes in our lungs throughout the day. Third test airway responsiveness, this is a difficult test in fact this test occurs only if there are no clear symptoms of asthma. The airway responsiveness test measures how the airway reacts when it is contacted with a trigger. During this test the patient is asked to breathe in medication, which will eventually irritate the airways and possibly trigger a mild asthma attack. Another test that can be done is testing airway inflammation, this test can be done by two different methods. The first method is to take a phlegm sample and the second method is while the patient is breathing out, the level of the nitric oxide is measured. An allergy test can also be done in order to confirm if the person’s asthma is associated with any allergies. Imaging tests are also an alternative, these can be a CT-scan or a chest x-ray of the patient nose cavities and lungs. With these scans they can identify any abnormalities related to asthma. The last test that I am going to mention is the sputum eosinophils, the main role of this test is to look for white blood cells while the patient is coughing. The white blood cells are present when symptoms occurs which later on are visible when they are stained with eosin. Fortunately there are certain treatments that help prevent and control asthma, starting off with the first treatment inhaled corticosteroids are preferred methods for long-term control of asthma. The main function of this treatment is to relieve inflammation and swelling, reducing inflammation helps to prevent asthma attacks. Another treatment which is given during an asthma attack is cromolyn, this medicine is given when the patient is using the nebulizer. Once the patient breathes in, the nebulizer will send medicine to the lungs to prevent airway inflammation. Omalizumab is a medicine given as an injection one or two times a month, this medicine helps to prevent our body from reacting to asthma triggers. Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonist and theophylline are all medicines that open the airways. The leukotriene modifiers are a medicine take orally, this helps to prevent increase of inflammation. Then there is the quick-relief medicine these are called inhaled short-acting beta2-agonisits these act quickly in order to relax tight muscle, this allows to open airways so air can flow through them. A patient who is diagnosed with asthma needs to have frequent check-ups, it is also very important to remove any items which can trigger asthma such as rugs or animals. It is also recommended to record your symptoms in a diary to see how well the treatment is controlling your asthma. Good control of asthma will prevent coughing and shortness of breath, reduce the use of quick relief medicine, help to maintain good lung function, prevent asthma attacks and let the person maintain the normal activity of sleeping throughout the night. It is also very important to use proper asthma medications as like with other medications they have side effects. When a person starts having these symptoms it is very important to do a check-up or talk to someone else because if these signs are not treated asthma triggers can worsen which even in some cases can be fatal. How to cite Describe the symptoms and treatment of asthma, Papers

Organizational Change Management

Why is it often difficult for managers to bring about major change in their organization? What, if anything, can a manager do to improve the chances of a successful organizational change? Change management refers to a strategy applied by organizations in order to modulate people and cooperative units from their current state to a desired state (Balogun 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Change Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Change management also refers to an administration framework used by organizations to implement new processes, revise structural design, and reorient corporate culture. It aims at eliminating bureaucracy in management of organizations (Weil 2002). Organizational change management addresses human resource aspects in organizations because all activities revolve around organizational workforce. Effective change management in an organization involves understanding t he change process, communicating the need for implementing change to all stakeholders, identifying possible obstacles, and working towards getting support from employees. The process of organizational change management involves four key steps namely assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation (Weil 2002). One of the cardinal rules in organizational change management is to desist from forcing change on people. It is important to ensure that people are ready for real, feasible, and computable change. Effective change management in an organization requires competent leaders who provide necessary motivation, support, and assurance to employees (Balogun 2006). In most cases, implementing change in an organization is a nightmare because of resistance from workers under different departments, thus failing to meet set targets. Managers and business leaders often face numerous challenges in implementing change in organizations. Many factors contribute to poor results by managers, mos t of which stem from within the organizations (Balogun 2006). The first contributing factor is poor understanding and interpretation of the change process. The change process is often complex and necessitates full comprehension of all demands associated with the process (Balogun 2006). For example, the projects created by automobile companies Toyota and Ford under the names Toyota-ism and Ford-ism respectively demonstrated poor understanding of change management. The two automakers wanted to improve their employee productivity through limiting the time they needed to complete tasks (Weil 2002). The changes failed in both companies as essential considerations in change process did not apply. Some essential considerations the two companies failed to make before implementing change include objectives of proposed change, reasons for effecting change, as well as criteria of determining success of effected changes. It is also important to identify individuals who are likely to be affected by the change, their possible reactions, and best ways of responding to reactions (Balogun 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another important consideration is identification of organizational potential to implement change. This entails identifying changes that an organization can implement on its own, those that require external help, and possible avenues for such help (Weil 2002). The second reason why managers fail to implement change in organizations is lack of regular outlines, communication systems, and fundamental paraphernalia for managing change. This is a challenge to managers because employees and other stakeholders are not familiar with change implementation strategies. It is important to have a universal set of explanations, strategies, and development blueprint within an organization (Balogun 2006). For example, when an organization develops its structure and corporate culture without defining how change will apply, individuals responsible for implementing change, and approaches for doing it, managers are bound to have a hard time when need for change arises. A clear outline will eliminate employee resistance to change, as they analyze change before its implementation. This also entails identification of individuals responsible for effective change management (Balogun 2006). In most organizations, managers are responsible for change management and act as reference points for shareholders whenever issues related to change management arise within an organization. Finally, managers may fail to effectively, implement change due to organizational structure and corporate culture (Weil 2002). During development of a business plan that determines how an organization will be structured and the corporate culture it will develop, it is important to incorporate aspects of change management. Many organizations apply change management as an add-o n instead of something that ought to be part of the organizational culture. Change happens all the time and an organization cannot afford to shy away from developing strategies that facilitate effective change management (Weil 2002). For example, when developing an organization’s corporate values, it is important to include values that focus on numerous objectives that promote effective change management. It is also important to ensure that employees’ at all structural levels within the organization have good knowledge of change management, and their responsibilities in implementing change (Balogun 2006). Despite presence of organizational challenges, managers should strive to apply their skills and competencies in achieving success. References Balogun, J 2006, Managing Change: Steering A Course Between Intended Strategies  And Unanticipated Outcomes, Elsevier Publishers, New York.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Change Managemen t specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Burnes, B 2004, Managing Change: A Strategic Approach To Organizational Dynamics, Cengage Learning, New York. Weil, S 2002, Post-Bureaucracy And Change Management, Cengage Learning, New York. This essay on Organizational Change Management was written and submitted by user Conor Richmond to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Walt Whitmans Style

Walt Whitman was a follower of the two Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. He believed in Emerson and Thoreau’s Transcendentalist beliefs. Whitman believed that individualism stems from listening to one’s inner voice and that one’s life is guided by one’s intuition. Whitman lent himself to this concept of independence. He once said, â€Å"Everything on earth has the divine spark within and thus is all part of a whole.† This philosophy of individualism led to an optimistic emphasis on society. Because Whitman immodestly praised the human body and glorified the senses, â€Å"Walt Whitman’s poems assert the worth of the individual and the oneness of all humanity.† Whitman’s first poem in Leaves of Grass is called â€Å"Song of Myself†. In â€Å"Song of Myself† Whitman tells us that the absolute unity of matter and spirit, and all, which that unity involves, is the dominant conception of this first and most characteristic period. Whitman said, â€Å"The true poet is not the follower of beauty, but the august of beauty.† Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† was capable of making whoever withes to be so, wiser, happier, better; and it does these not by acting on the intellect, by telling us what is best for us, what we ought to do and avoid doing, but by acting directly on the moral nature itself, and elevating and purifying that. This also shows how he really believed in Transcendentalism, which stated strong intense individualism and self-reliance. He used the same theme in all of his poems throughout the book. Its almost seems as if he wrote the book just for one reason. That reason being how important every individual in the world is. In conclusion, I conclude that Whitman’s poems really do express his transcendental beliefs. I believe he really did try to assert the worth of the individual in all his poems. He used great similes and metaphors to pinpoint his beliefs. Also, his freque... Free Essays on Walt Whitmans Style Free Essays on Walt Whitmans Style Walt Whitman was a follower of the two Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. He believed in Emerson and Thoreau’s Transcendentalist beliefs. Whitman believed that individualism stems from listening to one’s inner voice and that one’s life is guided by one’s intuition. Whitman lent himself to this concept of independence. He once said, â€Å"Everything on earth has the divine spark within and thus is all part of a whole.† This philosophy of individualism led to an optimistic emphasis on society. Because Whitman immodestly praised the human body and glorified the senses, â€Å"Walt Whitman’s poems assert the worth of the individual and the oneness of all humanity.† Whitman’s first poem in Leaves of Grass is called â€Å"Song of Myself†. In â€Å"Song of Myself† Whitman tells us that the absolute unity of matter and spirit, and all, which that unity involves, is the dominant conception of this first and most characteristic period. Whitman said, â€Å"The true poet is not the follower of beauty, but the august of beauty.† Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† was capable of making whoever withes to be so, wiser, happier, better; and it does these not by acting on the intellect, by telling us what is best for us, what we ought to do and avoid doing, but by acting directly on the moral nature itself, and elevating and purifying that. This also shows how he really believed in Transcendentalism, which stated strong intense individualism and self-reliance. He used the same theme in all of his poems throughout the book. Its almost seems as if he wrote the book just for one reason. That reason being how important every individual in the world is. In conclusion, I conclude that Whitman’s poems really do express his transcendental beliefs. I believe he really did try to assert the worth of the individual in all his poems. He used great similes and metaphors to pinpoint his beliefs. Also, his freque...

Free Essays on Walt Whitmans Style

Walt Whitman was a follower of the two Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. He believed in Emerson and Thoreau’s Transcendentalist beliefs. Whitman believed that individualism stems from listening to one’s inner voice and that one’s life is guided by one’s intuition. Whitman lent himself to this concept of independence. He once said, â€Å"Everything on earth has the divine spark within and thus is all part of a whole.† This philosophy of individualism led to an optimistic emphasis on society. Because Whitman immodestly praised the human body and glorified the senses, â€Å"Walt Whitman’s poems assert the worth of the individual and the oneness of all humanity.† Whitman’s first poem in Leaves of Grass is called â€Å"Song of Myself†. In â€Å"Song of Myself† Whitman tells us that the absolute unity of matter and spirit, and all, which that unity involves, is the dominant conception of this first and most characteristic period. Whitman said, â€Å"The true poet is not the follower of beauty, but the august of beauty.† Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† was capable of making whoever withes to be so, wiser, happier, better; and it does these not by acting on the intellect, by telling us what is best for us, what we ought to do and avoid doing, but by acting directly on the moral nature itself, and elevating and purifying that. This also shows how he really believed in Transcendentalism, which stated strong intense individualism and self-reliance. He used the same theme in all of his poems throughout the book. Its almost seems as if he wrote the book just for one reason. That reason being how important every individual in the world is. In conclusion, I conclude that Whitman’s poems really do express his transcendental beliefs. I believe he really did try to assert the worth of the individual in all his poems. He used great similes and metaphors to pinpoint his beliefs. Also, his freque... Free Essays on Walt Whitmans Style Free Essays on Walt Whitmans Style Walt Whitman was a follower of the two Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. He believed in Emerson and Thoreau’s Transcendentalist beliefs. Whitman believed that individualism stems from listening to one’s inner voice and that one’s life is guided by one’s intuition. Whitman lent himself to this concept of independence. He once said, â€Å"Everything on earth has the divine spark within and thus is all part of a whole.† This philosophy of individualism led to an optimistic emphasis on society. Because Whitman immodestly praised the human body and glorified the senses, â€Å"Walt Whitman’s poems assert the worth of the individual and the oneness of all humanity.† Whitman’s first poem in Leaves of Grass is called â€Å"Song of Myself†. In â€Å"Song of Myself† Whitman tells us that the absolute unity of matter and spirit, and all, which that unity involves, is the dominant conception of this first and most characteristic period. Whitman said, â€Å"The true poet is not the follower of beauty, but the august of beauty.† Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† was capable of making whoever withes to be so, wiser, happier, better; and it does these not by acting on the intellect, by telling us what is best for us, what we ought to do and avoid doing, but by acting directly on the moral nature itself, and elevating and purifying that. This also shows how he really believed in Transcendentalism, which stated strong intense individualism and self-reliance. He used the same theme in all of his poems throughout the book. Its almost seems as if he wrote the book just for one reason. That reason being how important every individual in the world is. In conclusion, I conclude that Whitman’s poems really do express his transcendental beliefs. I believe he really did try to assert the worth of the individual in all his poems. He used great similes and metaphors to pinpoint his beliefs. Also, his freque...

Free Essays on Walt Whitmans Style

Walt Whitman was a follower of the two Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. He believed in Emerson and Thoreau’s Transcendentalist beliefs. Whitman believed that individualism stems from listening to one’s inner voice and that one’s life is guided by one’s intuition. Whitman lent himself to this concept of independence. He once said, â€Å"Everything on earth has the divine spark within and thus is all part of a whole.† This philosophy of individualism led to an optimistic emphasis on society. Because Whitman immodestly praised the human body and glorified the senses, â€Å"Walt Whitman’s poems assert the worth of the individual and the oneness of all humanity.† Whitman’s first poem in Leaves of Grass is called â€Å"Song of Myself†. In â€Å"Song of Myself† Whitman tells us that the absolute unity of matter and spirit, and all, which that unity involves, is the dominant conception of this first and most characteristic period. Whitman said, â€Å"The true poet is not the follower of beauty, but the august of beauty.† Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† was capable of making whoever withes to be so, wiser, happier, better; and it does these not by acting on the intellect, by telling us what is best for us, what we ought to do and avoid doing, but by acting directly on the moral nature itself, and elevating and purifying that. This also shows how he really believed in Transcendentalism, which stated strong intense individualism and self-reliance. He used the same theme in all of his poems throughout the book. Its almost seems as if he wrote the book just for one reason. That reason being how important every individual in the world is. In conclusion, I conclude that Whitman’s poems really do express his transcendental beliefs. I believe he really did try to assert the worth of the individual in all his poems. He used great similes and metaphors to pinpoint his beliefs. Also, his freque... Free Essays on Walt Whitmans Style Free Essays on Walt Whitmans Style Walt Whitman was a follower of the two Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. He believed in Emerson and Thoreau’s Transcendentalist beliefs. Whitman believed that individualism stems from listening to one’s inner voice and that one’s life is guided by one’s intuition. Whitman lent himself to this concept of independence. He once said, â€Å"Everything on earth has the divine spark within and thus is all part of a whole.† This philosophy of individualism led to an optimistic emphasis on society. Because Whitman immodestly praised the human body and glorified the senses, â€Å"Walt Whitman’s poems assert the worth of the individual and the oneness of all humanity.† Whitman’s first poem in Leaves of Grass is called â€Å"Song of Myself†. In â€Å"Song of Myself† Whitman tells us that the absolute unity of matter and spirit, and all, which that unity involves, is the dominant conception of this first and most characteristic period. Whitman said, â€Å"The true poet is not the follower of beauty, but the august of beauty.† Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† was capable of making whoever withes to be so, wiser, happier, better; and it does these not by acting on the intellect, by telling us what is best for us, what we ought to do and avoid doing, but by acting directly on the moral nature itself, and elevating and purifying that. This also shows how he really believed in Transcendentalism, which stated strong intense individualism and self-reliance. He used the same theme in all of his poems throughout the book. Its almost seems as if he wrote the book just for one reason. That reason being how important every individual in the world is. In conclusion, I conclude that Whitman’s poems really do express his transcendental beliefs. I believe he really did try to assert the worth of the individual in all his poems. He used great similes and metaphors to pinpoint his beliefs. Also, his freque...

Prehistoric Life During the Cenozoic Era

Prehistoric Life During the Cenozoic Era Facts About the Cenozoic Era The Cenozoic Era is easy to define: its the stretch of geologic time that kicked off with the Cretaceous/Tertiary Extinction that destroyed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, and continues down to the present day. Informally, the Cenozoic Era is often referred to as the age of mammals, since it was only after the dinosaurs went extinct that mammals had the chance to radiate into various open ecological niches and dominate terrestrial life on the planet. This characterization is somewhat unfair, however, since (non-dinosaur) reptiles, birds, fish, and even invertebrates also thrived during the Cenozoic! Somewhat confusingly, the Cenozoic Era is divided into various periods and epochs, and scientists dont always use the same terminology when describing their research and discoveries. (This situation stands in stark contrast to the preceding Mesozoic Era, which is more-or-less neatly divided into the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.) Heres an overview of the subdivisions of the Cenozoic Era; just click on the appropriate links to see more in-depth articles about the geography, climate and prehistoric life of that period or epoch. The Periods and Epochs of the Cenozoic Era The Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago) was the age when the mammals began their rise to dominance. The Paleogene comprises three separate epochs: * The Paleocene epoch (65-56 million years ago) was fairly quiet in evolutionary terms. This is when the tiny mammals that survived the K/T Extinction first tasted their newfound freedom and began to tentatively explore new ecological niches; there were also plenty of plus-sized snakes, crocodiles and turtles. * The Eocene epoch (56-34 million years ago) was the longest epoch of the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene witnessed a vast profusion of mammalian forms; this was when the first even- and odd-toed ungulates appeared on the planet, as well as the first recognizable primates. * The Oligocene epoch (34-23 million years ago) is notable for its change in climate from the preceding Eocene, which opened up even more ecological niches for mammals. This was the epoch when certain mammals (and even some birds) began to evolve to respectable sizes. The Neogene period (23-2.6 million years ago) witnessed the continuing evolution of mammals and other forms of life, many of them to enormous sizes. The Neogene comprises two epochs: * The Miocene epoch (23-5 million years ago) takes up the lions share of the Neogene. Most of the mammals, birds and other animals that lived during this time would have been vaguely recognizable to human eyes, though often considerably bigger or stranger. * The Pliocene epoch (5-2.6 million years ago), often confused with the ensuing Pleistocene, was the time when many mammals migrated (often via land bridges) into the territories that they continue to inhabit during the present day. Horses, primates, elephants, and other animal types continued to make evolutionary progress. The Quaternary period (2.6 million years ago to the present) is, so far, the shortest of all the earths geologic periods. The Quaternary comprises two even shorter epochs: * The Pleistocene epoch (2.6 million-12,000 years ago) is famous for its large megafauna mammals, such as the Woolly Mammoth and the Saber-Toothed Tiger, that died off at the end of the last Ice Age (thanks partly to climate change and predation by the earliest humans). * The Holocene epoch (10,000 years ago-present) comprises pretty much all of modern human history. Unfortunately, this is also the epoch when many mammals, and other forms of life, have gone extinct due to the ecological changes wrought by human civilization.

Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Accounting - Essay Example In the temporal method, accounts and cash receivables are the main and only assets changed in the current exchange rate. Longer term debt and accounts payable are also changed at the current exchange rate. Due to the reasons that polish zloty liability amounts change at exchange rate surpasses the zloty asset amounts changed in the exchange rate, there is an existence of a net liability exposure. Measurement loss in the third of part 1 increases due to two reasons: there a net asset exposure in the balance sheet and depreciation of the polish zloty against U.S dollar in the second year. Account and receivables accounts are the main assets changed at the exchange rate. As there is no longer term debt in this part, the only liability changed at the exchange rate is accounts payable. As the polish zloty assets amount changed at the exchange rate surpasses polish zloty liability amount changed at the exchange rate, there exists an exposure of net asset in the balance

The effectiveness of abstinence-only sex education Essay

The effectiveness of abstinence-only sex education - Essay Example It promotes sexual refrain from indulgence before marriage and does not include discussion over contraceptive methods. (â€Å"Abstinence-Only Sex Education†, 2011). The abstinence-only sex education views abstinence from sexual intercourse as the best way to control sexual health. (â€Å"Abstinence and Sex Education†, n.d.) It shares the fundamental use of teaching social, health and psychological gains, which can be realized by refraining from indulgence in sexual acts. Bearing children at a young age is both harmful for the baby as well as the parents and society. It promotes the abstinence from alcohol and drug abusing which leads to increased desire for sexual intercourses. It also teaches one to acquire self-sufficiency before indulging into any type of sexual activity. (â€Å"Abstinence and Sex Education†, n.d.) The combined education based on both abstinence and comprehensive based is often referred as abstinence plus. (â€Å"Abstinence and Sex Educationà ¢â‚¬ , n.d.) Abstinence-only sex education is found to be losing control in the recent years. This type of education is a faulty or negative view of contraception. It is required to provide consumers with inaccurate information and the teenagers are perceptive consumers. (Thomas, 2009) Education on sexuality is a hot button topic in schools and is associated with the social and parental interpretation of wrong or right and with the people’s sensitivity towards religious and personal autonomy. Pelvic inflammatory diseases are a consequence of untreated or inefficiently treated reproductive tract diseases. It is responsible for sterility and impotency amongst woman and can lead to ectopic pregnancies, cancers of reproductive tract, abortions and stillbirths. (Collins, Alagiri & Summers, 2002) The prime reason why teens do not opt for the use of contraception is due to alcohol and drug abuse. A reciprocally faithful monogamous sexual relationship in the context of marriage is t he expected benchmark of sexual acts. Outside the context of wedding sexual activity is likely to have negative psychological and physical effects. (Collins, Alagiri & Summers, 2002) The affected youth may include sexually experiences teens, sexually abused teens, homeless and runaway teens, gay and lesbian youth as well. The gay, lesbian and bisexual teens face other consequences as well, as harassment and violence and finally they tend to commit mass suicide. Bisexuals are abandoned by their family members and are deprived of both public and private health care systems. (Collins, Alagiri & Summers, 2002) In most countries the homosexuals, bisexuals and transgender youths (LGBT) are often neglected in sex education classes, which include lack of discussion regarding manual, oral, and anal sex practices in regards of different risks for contracting deadly reproductive tract diseases. (â€Å"Sex Education†, 2011) STATISTICAL DATA OF IMPACT OF ABSTINENCE-ONLY SEX EDUCATION OVER PEOPLE The University of Pennsylvania published the fact that only one third of sixth-seventh grade adolescents who studied abstinence-only sex education had sexual intercourses in the next two years. The study is called â€Å"game changing† by proponents of abstinence-only sex education. (â€Å"Abstinence-Only Sex Education†, 2011) Abstinence and comprehensive based approaches of sex education can be combined to have increased impact on people. (â€Å"

Case study of sleep disorder and sleep apnea

Case study of sleep disorder and sleep apnea Sleep disorder is one of the most vital problem face by many people in life. Mostly face by older generations and adults. Sleeping is controlled by hypothalamus which is one of the part of a human brain system. Body temperature in some way controls the activities of ones body, playing a role like a switch for on/off. Higher temperature brings alertness while lower temperature causes sleep. Sleep disorder comes in many different forms like Bruxism, Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS), Cataplexy Rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD), insomnia, sleep apnea, night terrors, nightmares and somnambulism. Interfering with normal sleeping habits frequently and continuously can be listed as sleep disorder. Sleep disorder are capable of influencing emotional, physical and mental health of a human being. Moreover, sleeping disorder not only causes trouble to the victim but the person staying in the same house at them. Polysomnography is one of the a test commonly use to test for sleep disor ders. Before the 20th century, sleeping problems are face by many people and theres no cure and research about it but till this century, due to the rapidly increasing knowledge of mankind, many research have been brought up just to find solutions for all diseases. In the UK, most of the research are mainly focus on sleep apnea but not others as a proof that they are lagging on knowledge of sleep medicine and possibility of treatment in other sleeping disorders. There are some general principles of treatment that could be find worldwide but mostly in US. Treatments for sleeping disorders can generally be grouped into four different categories that are behavioural/ psychotherapeutic treatments, rehabilitation, medications and other somatic treatments. Treatments such as this does not provides a 100% success and not suitable for all sleeping disorders. History of different people and medical reports of everyone is so greatly different so it is best to say that specific treatment are given to specific patients diagnosis. Disorders such as narcolepsy are best treated pharmacologically. Chronic sleep disorder influenced 70% of children development and psychologically while sleep-phase disruption affects adolescents who could not attend regular school schedules. Effective treatment will begin with careful diagnosis and modifications in sleeping hygiene may reduced the problem. It si said that special equipments are used for several disorders( obst ructive apnea). Research also shows that some sleep disorders are also found to be compromise glucose metabolism. Sleeping is absolutely the essential thing for a normal and healthy lifestyle, according to the United States, roughly about 40 million suffer from long term sleep disorder while nearly 20 million experience mild/ occasional sleep problems. Sleeping disorder suddenly became an important issue because many more people are facing it and body needs sleep to survive because study shown that sleep is essential for immune system and maintaining the ability to fight against diseases and sickness. Learning, growing, functions of brains also comes from the amount of rest absorb because it is said that sleeping helps regenerate and repair cells. Sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is one of the most well-known sleep disorder face by many and said to be one of the most dangerous disorder to be faced compare to others. Another name for sleep apnea is call sleeping breathing disorder. This disorder is a serious sleep disorder that occurs when a persons breathing is influenced by some activities during sleep. Untreated sleep apnea patients will normally face stop breathing repeatedly during their sleep almost hundreds of time. Facing this disorders means that the brain and body are not getting enough oxygen. There are actually two different kind of sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) and Central sleep apnea. OSA is more common of the two forms of apnea and normal the causes is a blockage of the airway usually the soft tissue in the back of the throat collapses during sleep while Central sleep apnea is unlike OSA where theres no blockage but the brain fails to signal the muscle to breath which will due to instant instability in the respiratory con trol centre. After having modern research from scientist, sleep apnea can affect anyone at any age even children, the causes of having sleep apnea are gender(mostly male) , being overweight, older after the age of forty, having a large neck size, large tonsils, family history and some other problems. Having untreated sleep apnea could cause quite severe effects like high blood pressure, stroke, heart failure, diabetes, depression and worsening of ADHD. Having poor performances in activities in many different places could be one of the sign of facing sleep apnea. Sleep apnea can be explained in terms like breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. This disorder often occurs to 5 to 30 times or more per hour. Normally, normal breathing starts again with a loud snort or choking sound which can be easily detect by family members sleeping around them. Sleep apnea often goes undiagnosed while doctor usually cant detect this symptoms so soon. Obstructive sleep apnea is very common with overweight people and happens randomly too, when a person who has sleep apnea tries to breathe, any air that squeezes past the blockage will produces a loud snoring. Some research found out that Central sleep apnea happens less but random while it mostly occur on people that have certain medical conditions or is using certain medicines. Regardless of type, an individual who has sleep apnea will rarely be aware of themselves having difficuly breathing during sleep and even upon awakening. This problems mostly are being recognized as a problem by other wi tnessing the individual. Some treatments can be found to treat Obstructive sleep apnea which involve the lifestyle changes, such as avoiding drinking alcohol or muscle relaxants, weight lost and quitting smoking. Sleeping at a 30-degree elevation of the upper body or higher can be use as a recliner that helps prevent the gravitational collapse of airway while sleeping on a side as opposed to the sleeping on the back theory are also recommended as treatment for sleep apnea because the gravitational component is smaller for lateral position while some people are benefiting through various kinds of oral appliances to keep the airway open. Theres a treatment called Continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) while other surgical procedures to remove/tighten tissue while widen the airway. Snoring does not actually mean a person is having sleep apnea but mostly overweight people who snores loudly and hardly during sleeping could actually mean sleep apnea. In US, researches revealed that people with OSA has tissue lo ss in brain regions that store memory(hippocampus) which somehow linking OSA to memory loss. Scientists discovered that people that has OSA mammillary bodies are 20 percent smaller than normal people mostly on the left region of the body which is because of repeated drops of oxygen that lead to brain injury. In pure central sleep apnea or known as Cheyne-Stokes respiration, the brains respiratory control centres are imbalanced during sleep while the blood levels of carbon dioxide is higher compare to normal people sleeping and the level of oxygen is lower. The sleeper will stop breathing and then starts breathing again. No effort made to breath, no chest movement and no struggling. In central sleep apnea, the basic neurological controls for breathing rate cant functions and fail to provide signal to inhale. Some people are facing the combination of both type of sleep apnea. Combinations of obstructive sleep apnea and central apnea by loss of central respiratory drive during sleep in OSA. The presence of central sleep apnea without an obstructive component is a common result of abuse by owing to the characteristic respiratory depression that are mainly cause by large doses of narcotics. Obstructive Sleep Apnea can be determine by having a sleep test which is called polysomnography which is usally done to diagnose sleep apnea. Actually there a two kinds of polysomnography, an overnight polysomnography test that involves monitoring brain waves, muscle tension, eye movement, respiration, oxygen level in the blood and having audio monitoring. The second kind of polysomnography test is called a home monitoring test. A sleep Technologist sticks you up with all the electrodes and instructs you on how to record your sleep with a computerized polysomnography that user can take it home and return the computerized polysomnography in the morning. These test are painless test that are covered by insurance. Sleep apnea can be treated in many ways but for severe apnea, there is a Bi-level (Bi-PAP) machine that is different in that it blows air at different pressures. Thats when a person inhales, the pressure is higher while exhaling the pressure is lower. Your own doctor will measure the pressure and a home healthcare company will set the apparatus hence providing training user to use and maintenance it. Tracheostomy is the only treatment available until early 1980s. Its a surgical procedure where a small hole is cut in the neck and a tube with a valve is inserted into the specific hole. During the day, the valve is closed so that the patient can speak while the valve is open at night to avoid obstructions. This treatment is now the last resort for sleep apnea for you must be extremely sick to require this. Uvulo-palato-pharyngoplasty (UPPP) is the treatment available today which means plastic surgery of the pharynx(the pharynx is the joint opening of the gullet and windpipe). This surgery is usually done for patients that cannot tolerate with nasal CPAP. This surgery has help around 50% people and still others do not. Laser Assisted Uvuloplasty(LAUP) is a surgical procedure that remove the uvula and surrounding tissue that open the airway behind the palate. This procedure is said to be used to relieve snoring while somehow successfully treating sleep apnea, before doing this surgical treatment, make sure you have a doctor that has experience doing this procedure with extreme knowledge about sleep apnea. The latest treatment for sleep apnea will be called somnoplasty, getting approvable from US Food and Drug Administration, this treatment uses radio waves to shrink tissue in air passages and almost eliminating all snoring problems. This special and safe procedure is called radiofrequenc y volumetric tissue reduction of the palate. This radiofrequency treatment involves piercing the tongue, throat or soft palate with a electrode needle(special needle specific for this treatment) that is connected to a radio frequency generator. The inner tissue is then heated to about 158 to 176 degrees and takes approximately nearly half an hour. The inner tissues are shrinking while the outer tissue such as taste buds are left intact. Several treatments may be required. This treatment should only be carry out after doing a lot of research and getting the advantages and disadvantages of each different treatment, because some might have side effects. In summary of sleep apnea, the causes of sleep apnea maybe family historical backgrounds but it might be also connected to the body weight of each individual. Make sure to take care of own body after over the age of forty and having large tonsils or tongue might causes sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is one of the most dangerous sleeping disorder that can actually kills the patient instantly because this sleeping disorder interrupts a person during their sleep and the patient wouldnt even know what happen after they get awaken due to lack of oxygen. Sleep apnea prevents breathing from happening and causes lower level of oxygen to be transported to all part of body. There are two kinds of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea happens when blockage of airway occur while central sleep apnea happens when the brain fails to signal the muscles to breath to intake and exhale oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the body. Sleep apnea prevents natur al sleeping hence causing high blood pressure, stroke, heart failure, diabetes, depression and many more. Sleep apnea cannot be left untreated because if a human stops breathing, high chance that the person might just die. There are a few variety of treatments for sleep apnea including continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP), variable positive airway pressure(VPAP), automatic positive airway pressure(APAP), Bi-level(Bi-PAP)machine, TRACHEOSTOMY, UVULOPALATOPHARYNGOPLASTY(UPPP), MANDIBULAR MYOTOMY, LASER ASSISTED UVULOPLASTY(LAUP) and RADIO FREQUENCY(RF) PRODECURE OR SOMNOPLASTY. All these treatment are mainly focusing on removal of uvula, cutting bone in anterior portion of mandible or having a small hole to let air diffuse in. CASE STUDY: SLEEP APNEA Sleep apnea is a common but potentially dangerous sleep disorder which can be characterized by repeated pauses in your breathing while asleep. These pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes and can occur thirty or more times per hour. Apneic events usually stop with a loud snort, snore or choking sound which can often momentarily wake you up which will then cause regular breathing to resume. From the research of Emily Cashman, BS, RRT, the clinical training manager at ResMed in Poway, Calif, diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are common disorders that often coexist. In fact, they are equally prevalent within the U.S. adult population.  OSA can affect anyone, including children. However, the population typically associated with the disorder includes overweight adults who snore heavily. Sleep apnea is more common in men, and 50% of type 2 diabetic men also have OSA. There are many treatments for sleep apnea. Any practitioner can identify OSA symptoms. Patients are then r eferred to a sleep specialist, and an overnight polysomnography is conducted in a sleep laboratory or the patients home. The standard treatment is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The air pressure functions like a splint for the upper airway to prevent apneas from occurring and keep the airway from collapsing. This permits normal breathing to continue during sleep, normal sleep patterns to emerge, sleep to become restorative, and the patient to feel better. The impact is often immediate and dramatic. The success of treatment is measured by the reduction of respiratory disturbance to normal levels, the elimination of symptoms such as fatigue and depression, and improvement in the patients subjective feeling of well-being. Effective treatment will eliminate snoring and apnea events and has demonstrated decreases in blood pressure and post-prandial glucose levels within 30 days. OSA is often overlooked and misdiagnosed. Complaints of fatigue and sleepiness are attributed to lifestyle, stress, other medical conditions (such as diabetes), or side effects from medications. Sleep apnea should be investigated when patients present classic symptoms. Theres a 61-year-old man called J.B who is a busy physician and has had type 2 diabetes for 11 years. He suffers from gastroesophageal reflux disease daily and has moderate depression. For 11 years, he has maintained a weight of 210-220 lb (BMI of 31 kg/m2), and he does not have hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. J.B. has no other known diabetes complications. He uses a low-carbohydrate meal plan and a bicycle exercise program. However, he snores and reports being excessively sleepy all the time. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic (lifelong) disease marked by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. It is also the most common form of diabetes. J.B. has no family history of diabetes or sleep apnea. During the past year, he has not been able to get his plasma glucose levels to < 200 mg/dl. His haemoglobin A1c  ( A1C) has been 7.5% (lab norm) on the past two visits. The patient denies polyuria or nocturia. He is in bed for ∠¼ 8 hours per night. His wife does not complain about his nighttime snoring, but she describes herself as a heavy sleeper.The bed partner is often the first to complain of sleep apnea. In this case, J.B.s wife is not bothered. However, fellow physicians who travel with J.B. on medical mission trips joke and complain about his snoring and gasping. J.B. now requests a private room for these trips to avoid the complaints. He did not share this information with his diabetes care team. J.B. is excessively sleepy, yet he sleeps ∠¼ 8 hours nightly. Colleagues and family who sleep in adjacent rooms have told him that he snores and gasps throughout the night. Published research demonstrates that 50% of men with type 2 diabetes have sleep apnea. These factors are sufficient to suspect sleep apnea and inquire further. J.B.s fatigue and sleepiness finally led him to refer him self to a sleep lab in August 2005. Because he is a physician, he felt certain he had sleep apnea by the time he contacted his friend, the medical director of the sleep lab. The vast majority of patients are referred to a sleep lab or sleep specialist by their physician for further evaluation of symptoms. It is common for patients to complete a Berlin Questionnaire, a simple validated 10-item questionnaire certified by the American College of Physicians. Questions focus on BMI, snoring, sleepiness, and blood pressure. J.B.s results for the Berlin Questionnaire indicated a borderline acceptable BMI, severe snoring, severe daytime sleepiness, and an acceptable blood pressure. These results indicate a high risk in two categories of the Berlin Questionnaire, suggesting a strong likelihood of sleep apnea. J.B. underwent a sleep study and, because of the severity of his sleep apnea, a split night protocol was initiated. This means that the first portion of the sleep study (diagnostic) was so severe that the patient was placed on CPAP therapy for the second portion of the night (titration). An apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) of 51 was reported during the diagnostic portion of the study, indicating severe obstructive sleep apnea. Although some patients are able to reduce their AHI to normal levels with weight loss, few patients are able to maintain this type of weight loss. CPAP therapy is the gold standard sleep apnea treatment. CPAP therapy ranges from 4 to 20 cm H20 pressure. J.B. required a pressure of 8 cm H20. The pressure needed to resolve 95% of apneic events throughout the night determines this therapeutic pressure. J.B. went home with a prescription for CPAP, and a local home care dealer delivered his therapy that day. He has slept with CPAP every night since. He reports feeling great, and his family members have noticed a huge difference in his enthusiasm and energy. From the research, it is known that CPAP treatment can improve insulin responsiveness without a significant change in obesity. This occurred in J.B.s case. Although his weight and diet have not changed, his glucose levels have improved dramatically and are now consistently < 150 mg/dl. His A1C was 6.5% 9 months after initiating CPAP therapy, and his medications have been reduced. It is a great news for him and his family. SUMMARY In fact, people that have diabetes will probably suffered from sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is very common in diabetic populations but typically goes undiagnosed. Sleep deprivation from any cause increases blood glucose, blood pressure, and triglycerides, causes higher evening cortisol levels, reduces serum leptin secretion, and increases inflammatory cytokines. Patients with chronic snoring and untreated sleep apnea have a higher risk of both stroke and cardiovascular disease. Although most of these patients do have a higher BMI as well as low activity levels and hypertension, it is also possible for patients with normal BMIs and without hypertension to present with snoring and sleep apnea. Sleep apnea can be associated with recent weight gain. Tiredness can cause people to eat for stimulation and skip exercise. Over time, these habits result in obesity, which can worsen sleep apnea, leading to a progression in severity of both conditions.Treating sleep deprivation rapidly reverses thes e metabolic abnormalities. The reasons for this are complex but seem to include increased sympathetic nervous system activity and adrenal cortisol and catecholamine output. Well, sleep apnea can cause hypertension, nevertheless hypertension is not required for suspicion of sleep apnea. Besides that, treating sleep apnea with CPAP therapy can improve glycemic control and blood pressure. Berlin Questionnaire can also easily conducts an assessment for sleep apnea.

Industry Comes of Age

Spanning the Continent with Rails Deadlock over where to build a transcontinental railroad was broken after the South exceed, and in 1862, Congress commissioned the Union Pacific Railroad to b gin westward from Omaha, Nebraska, to goldbrick Over in California, the Central Pacific Railroad was in charge of extending the r aileron eastward, and it was backed by the Big Four: including Leland Stanford, the governor of California who had useful political connections, and Collies P. Huntington, an adept lobbyist.The Central Pacific used Chinese workers, and received the same incentives a s the Union Pacific, but it had to drill through the hard Ill. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties 1. Before 1 900, four other transcontinental railroads were built 2. However, many pioneers overstressed on land, and the banks that supported them often failed and went bankrupt when the land wasn't worth as much as initial y thought. IV. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Older eastern railroads, like the New York Central, headed by Cornelius Band rebuilt, often financed the successful western railroads.Advancements in railroads included the steel rail, which was stronger and MO enduring than the iron rail, the Westinghouse air brake which increased safest y, the Pullman Palace Cars which were luxurious passenger cars, and telegraphs, doubleheaders, and block signals. V. Revolution by Railways Railroads stitched the nation together, generated a huge market and lots of Joe BBS, helped the rapid industrialization of America, and stimulated mining and agric ultra in the West by bringing people and supplies to and from the areas where such w Org occurred. . Railroads helped people settle in the previously harsh Great Plains. 3. Due to railroads, the creation of four national time zones occurred on Novel beer 18, 1883, instead of each city having its own time zone 4. Railroads were also the makers of millionaires and the millionaire class. VI. Wrongdoing in Railroading Railroads were not without corruption, as shown by the Credit Immobile scans Jay Gould made millions embezzling stocks from the Erie, Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Texas and Pacific railroad companies. . One method Of cheap moneymaking was called â€Å"stock watering,† in which rail road companies grossly overindulged the worth of their stock and sold them at hug e profits. 4. As time passed, though, railroad giants entered into defensive alliances to shoo profits, and began the first of what would be called trusts, although at that it me they were called â€Å"pools. † A pool (AKA, a â€Å"cartel†) is a group of supposed competitor who agree to work together, usually to set prices. VII. Government Bridles the Iron Horse 1.People were aware of such injustice, but were slow to combat it. 2. The Grange was formed by farmers to combat such corruption, and many sat et efforts to stop the railroad monopoly occurred, but they were stopped when the Sup Court issued its ruling in the Wabash case, in which it ruled that states could n tot regulate interstate Wabash, SST. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois commerce , such as trains. 3. The Interstate Commerce Act , passed in 1887, banned rebates and pools and squired the railroads to publish their rates openly .The act was not a victory against corporate wealth, as people like Richard Lonely, a shrewd corporate lawyer, no Ted that they could use the act to their advantage, but it did represent the first attempt t by Congress to regulate businesses for society interest. VIII. Miracles of Mechanization In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and a new age was la munched. 2. Thomas Edison, the â€Å"Wizard Of Menlo park,† was the most versatile inventor, who, while best known for his electric light bulb, also cranked out scores of other in mentions. K The Trust Titan Emerges 1 . Andrew Carnegie used a method called † vertical integration, † which meant that he bought out and controlled all aspects of an industry 2. John D. Rockefeller, master of† horizontal Integration, † simply allied with or bought out competitors to monopolize a given market. 3. These men became known for their trusts , giant, monopolistic corporations. J. P. Morgan also placed his own men on the boards of directors of other rival competitors to gain influence there and reduce competition a process called â€Å"interlocking directorates.X. The Supremacy of Steel In Lincoln day, steel was very scarce and expensive, but by 1 900, Americans produced as much steel as England and Germany combined. 2. This was due to an invention that made stalemating cheaper and much more effective: the Bessemer process, which was named after an English inventor e even though an American, William Kelly, had discovered it first: 0 Cold air blown on redroot iron burned carbon deposits and purified it.America a was one of the few nations that had a lot of coal for fuel, iron f or smelting, and other e essential ingredients for steel making, and thus, quickly became #1. SKI. Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel Andrew Carnegie started off as a poor boy in a bad job, but by working hard, assuming responsibility, and charming influential people, He started in the Pittsburgh area, but he was not a man who liked trusts; still, by 1900, he was producing 1/4 of the nation's Bessemer steel, and getting $25 million a year. . J. Pierson Morgan, having already made a fortune in the banking industry an d in Wall Street, was ready to Step into the steel tubing industry, but Carnegie threaten De to ruin him, so after some tense negotiation, Morgan bought Carnage's entire business s at $400 million (this was before income tax). Meanwhile, Morgan took Carnage's holdings, added others, and launched the United States Steel Corporation in 1 901, a company that became the world's first bill nodular corporation XII.Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose In 1 859, a man name d Drake first used oil to get money, and by the asses, eke Rosen, a type of oil, was used to light lamps all over the nation. 2. However, by 1 885, 250,000 of Edition's electric light bulbs were in use, and the electric industry soon rendered kerosene obsolete, just as kerosene had made whale oil obsolete. Oil, however, was just beginning with the sloganeering internal combustion n engine. John D.Rockefeller, ruthless and merciless, organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1882 Rockefeller crushed weaker competitors-?part Of the natural process accords Eng to him-?but his company did produce superior oil at a cheaper price. XIII. The Gospel of Wealth Many of the newly rich had worked from poverty to wealth, and thus felt that some people in the world were destined to become rich and then help society with t heir money. This was the â€Å"Gospel of Wealth. † Social Darwinism † applied Charles Darning's surreptitiousness theories to easiness.It said the reason a Carn egie was at the top of the steel industry WA s that he was most fit 3. To run such a business. Corporate lava,n. Years used the 14th Amendment to defend trusts, the judges gar deed, saying that corporations were legal people and thus entitled to their property, and plutocracy ruled. XIV. Government Tackles the Trust Evil 1. In 1890, the Sherman AntiTrust Act was signed into law; it forbade combinations (trusts, pools, interlocking directorates, holding companies) in restraint of trade e, without any distinction between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† trusts. O It proved ineffective, however, because it couldn't be enforced.Not until 1 914 was it properly enforced and those prosecuted for violating the law were actually punished. W. The South in the Age Of Industry The South remained agrarian despite all the industrial advances, though Jam Buchanan Duke developed a huge cigarette industry in the form of the Aimer can Tobacco Company and made many donations to what is now Duk e university. Men like Henry W. Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper urged the South to industrialized. 3. The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America a As the Industrial Revolution spread in America, the standard of living rose, immigrants swarmed to the U.S. , and early Jeffersonian ideals about the dominance Of agriculture fell. Women, who had swarmed to factories and had been encouraged by recent inventions, found new opportunities, and the â€Å"Gibson Girl,† created by Charge s Dana Gibson, became the romantic ideal of the age. 4. Strong pressures in foreign trade developed as the tireless industrial machine threatened to flood the domestic market. XVI. The Impact Of The Industrial Revolution On America 1. The standard of living rose sharply and Americans enjoyed more physical co inform than their counterparts in other industrial nation.Older way of life changed. Rural immigrants used to living by nature had to a adapt to factory whistles. Wome n were profoundly affected by the new industrial age. They were intro educed to the age with the typewriters and telephone switchboard, a new image of an independent and athletic girl came out. XVII. In Unions There Is Strength With the inflow of immigrants providing a labor force that would work for low wages and in poor environments, the workers who wanted to improve their condition NSA found that they could not, since their bosses could easily hire the unemployed to TA eke their places. Industry Comes of Age Spanning the Continent with Rails Deadlock over where to build a transcontinental railroad was broken after the South exceed, and in 1862, Congress commissioned the Union Pacific Railroad to b gin westward from Omaha, Nebraska, to goldbrick Over in California, the Central Pacific Railroad was in charge of extending the r aileron eastward, and it was backed by the Big Four: including Leland Stanford, the governor of California who had useful political connections, and Collies P. Huntington, an adept lobbyist.The Central Pacific used Chinese workers, and received the same incentives a s the Union Pacific, but it had to drill through the hard Ill. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties 1. Before 1 900, four other transcontinental railroads were built 2. However, many pioneers overstressed on land, and the banks that supported them often failed and went bankrupt when the land wasn't worth as much as initial y thought. IV. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Older eastern railroads, like the New York Central, headed by Cornelius Band rebuilt, often financed the successful western railroads.Advancements in railroads included the steel rail, which was stronger and MO enduring than the iron rail, the Westinghouse air brake which increased safest y, the Pullman Palace Cars which were luxurious passenger cars, and telegraphs, doubleheaders, and block signals. V. Revolution by Railways Railroads stitched the nation together, generated a huge market and lots of Joe BBS, helped the rapid industrialization of America, and stimulated mining and agric ultra in the West by bringing people and supplies to and from the areas where such w Org occurred. . Railroads helped people settle in the previously harsh Great Plains. 3. Due to railroads, the creation of four national time zones occurred on Novel beer 18, 1883, instead of each city having its own time zone 4. Railroads were also the makers of millionaires and the millionaire class. VI. Wrongdoing in Railroading Railroads were not without corruption, as shown by the Credit Immobile scans Jay Gould made millions embezzling stocks from the Erie, Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Texas and Pacific railroad companies. . One method Of cheap moneymaking was called â€Å"stock watering,† in which rail road companies grossly overindulged the worth of their stock and sold them at hug e profits. 4. As time passed, though, railroad giants entered into defensive alliances to shoo profits, and began the first of what would be called trusts, although at that it me they were called â€Å"pools. † A pool (AKA, a â€Å"cartel†) is a group of supposed competitor who agree to work together, usually to set prices. VII. Government Bridles the Iron Horse 1.People were aware of such injustice, but were slow to combat it. 2. The Grange was formed by farmers to combat such corruption, and many sat et efforts to stop the railroad monopoly occurred, but they were stopped when the Sup Court issued its ruling in the Wabash case, in which it ruled that states could n tot regulate interstate Wabash, SST. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois commerce , such as trains. 3. The Interstate Commerce Act , passed in 1887, banned rebates and pools and squired the railroads to publish their rates openly .The act was not a victory against corporate wealth, as people like Richard Lonely, a shrewd corporate lawyer, no Ted that they could use the act to their advantage, but it did represent the first attempt t by Congress to regulate businesses for society interest. VIII. Miracles of Mechanization In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and a new age was la munched. 2. Thomas Edison, the â€Å"Wizard Of Menlo park,† was the most versatile inventor, who, while best known for his electric light bulb, also cranked out scores of other in mentions. K The Trust Titan Emerges 1 . Andrew Carnegie used a method called † vertical integration, † which meant that he bought out and controlled all aspects of an industry 2. John D. Rockefeller, master of† horizontal Integration, † simply allied with or bought out competitors to monopolize a given market. 3. These men became known for their trusts , giant, monopolistic corporations. J. P. Morgan also placed his own men on the boards of directors of other rival competitors to gain influence there and reduce competition a process called â€Å"interlocking directorates.X. The Supremacy of Steel In Lincoln day, steel was very scarce and expensive, but by 1 900, Americans produced as much steel as England and Germany combined. 2. This was due to an invention that made stalemating cheaper and much more effective: the Bessemer process, which was named after an English inventor e even though an American, William Kelly, had discovered it first: 0 Cold air blown on redroot iron burned carbon deposits and purified it.America a was one of the few nations that had a lot of coal for fuel, iron f or smelting, and other e essential ingredients for steel making, and thus, quickly became #1. SKI. Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel Andrew Carnegie started off as a poor boy in a bad job, but by working hard, assuming responsibility, and charming influential people, He started in the Pittsburgh area, but he was not a man who liked trusts; still, by 1900, he was producing 1/4 of the nation's Bessemer steel, and getting $25 million a year. . J. Pierson Morgan, having already made a fortune in the banking industry an d in Wall Street, was ready to Step into the steel tubing industry, but Carnegie threaten De to ruin him, so after some tense negotiation, Morgan bought Carnage's entire business s at $400 million (this was before income tax). Meanwhile, Morgan took Carnage's holdings, added others, and launched the United States Steel Corporation in 1 901, a company that became the world's first bill nodular corporation XII.Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose In 1 859, a man name d Drake first used oil to get money, and by the asses, eke Rosen, a type of oil, was used to light lamps all over the nation. 2. However, by 1 885, 250,000 of Edition's electric light bulbs were in use, and the electric industry soon rendered kerosene obsolete, just as kerosene had made whale oil obsolete. Oil, however, was just beginning with the sloganeering internal combustion n engine. John D.Rockefeller, ruthless and merciless, organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1882 Rockefeller crushed weaker competitors-?part Of the natural process accords Eng to him-?but his company did produce superior oil at a cheaper price. XIII. The Gospel of Wealth Many of the newly rich had worked from poverty to wealth, and thus felt that some people in the world were destined to become rich and then help society with t heir money. This was the â€Å"Gospel of Wealth. † Social Darwinism † applied Charles Darning's surreptitiousness theories to easiness.It said the reason a Carn egie was at the top of the steel industry WA s that he was most fit 3. To run such a business. Corporate lava,n. Years used the 14th Amendment to defend trusts, the judges gar deed, saying that corporations were legal people and thus entitled to their property, and plutocracy ruled. XIV. Government Tackles the Trust Evil 1. In 1890, the Sherman AntiTrust Act was signed into law; it forbade combinations (trusts, pools, interlocking directorates, holding companies) in restraint of trade e, without any distinction between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† trusts. O It proved ineffective, however, because it couldn't be enforced.Not until 1 914 was it properly enforced and those prosecuted for violating the law were actually punished. W. The South in the Age Of Industry The South remained agrarian despite all the industrial advances, though Jam Buchanan Duke developed a huge cigarette industry in the form of the Aimer can Tobacco Company and made many donations to what is now Duk e university. Men like Henry W. Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper urged the South to industrialized. 3. The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America a As the Industrial Revolution spread in America, the standard of living rose, immigrants swarmed to the U.S. , and early Jeffersonian ideals about the dominance Of agriculture fell. Women, who had swarmed to factories and had been encouraged by recent inventions, found new opportunities, and the â€Å"Gibson Girl,† created by Charge s Dana Gibson, became the romantic ideal of the age. 4. Strong pressures in foreign trade developed as the tireless industrial machine threatened to flood the domestic market. XVI. The Impact Of The Industrial Revolution On America 1. The standard of living rose sharply and Americans enjoyed more physical co inform than their counterparts in other industrial nation.Older way of life changed. Rural immigrants used to living by nature had to a adapt to factory whistles. Wome n were profoundly affected by the new industrial age. They were intro educed to the age with the typewriters and telephone switchboard, a new image of an independent and athletic girl came out. XVII. In Unions There Is Strength With the inflow of immigrants providing a labor force that would work for low wages and in poor environments, the workers who wanted to improve their condition NSA found that they could not, since their bosses could easily hire the unemployed to TA eke their places.